While the term ‘carcinoma’ sounds alarming, the outlook for SCC is generally very positive when detected early. Most cases are highly treatable and do not spread to other parts of the body. However, because SCC can grow deeper into the skin layers if left unchecked, prompt medical attention is essential.
This guide explains what squamous cell carcinoma is, the signs to look for, and the most effective treatments available today. We will also explore actionable steps you can take to protect your skin moving forward.
Whether you have recently noticed a suspicious patch on your skin or are researching on behalf of a loved one, this comprehensive overview will provide the evidence-based information you need to make informed decisions about your health.
What Is Squamous Cell Carcinoma?
Squamous cell carcinoma originates in the squamous cells, which make up the middle and outer layers of the skin. These flat cells are constantly shed as new ones form. When DNA damage occurs—usually from ultraviolet (UV) radiation—these cells can grow uncontrollably, resulting in a tumour.
Unlike basal cell carcinoma (BCC), which is the most common form of skin cancer, SCC has a slightly higher risk of spreading (metastasising) if not treated, though this remains relatively rare. According to the NHS, non-melanoma skin cancers are among the most common cancers worldwide, highlighting the importance of vigilance.
SCC typically appears on sun-exposed areas, such as the face, ears, lips, and back of the hands. However, it can develop inside the mouth, on the soles of the feet, or on the genitals.
The Role of UV Radiation
Most SCC cases are directly linked to cumulative sun exposure. This includes long-term exposure from working outdoors and intense, intermittent exposure from sunbathing or using tanning beds. The World Health Organization classifies UV radiation as a known human carcinogen.
Symptoms and Signs to Watch For
Identifying SCC early can significantly simplify treatment. Unlike other skin issues that heal over time, skin cancer lesions persist and may grow slowly.
Common visual signs include:
- Scaly Red Patches: These may look like dry skin or eczema but do not improve with moisturisers or steroid creams.
- Open Sores: A sore that bleeds, crusts over, and refuses to heal after several weeks is a hallmark warning sign.
- Elevated Growths: Look for a raised area with a central depression, which may occasionally bleed.
- Wart-like Growths: Some SCCs resemble warts but may have a crusted surface and feel tender to the touch.
The British Skin Foundation notes that these lesions can sometimes feel tender or painful, unlike many other benign skin growths.
Risk Factors
While anyone can develop SCC, certain factors increase your likelihood:
- Fair Skin: Having less melanin (pigment) means less protection against UV radiation.
- History of Sunburns: Blistering sunburns in childhood or adulthood elevate risk.
- Weakened Immune System: People taking immunosuppressant medication after organ transplants are at higher risk.
- Actinic Keratosis: These rough, scaly patches are considered precancerous precursors to SCC.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma Treatment Options
Your squamous cell carcinoma treatment plan will depend on the size, location, and aggressiveness of the tumour. Dermatologists and oncologists prioritise removing the cancer completely while preserving as much healthy tissue as possible.
Surgical Procedures
Surgery is the most common approach for treating SCC.
Excision: The surgeon numbs the area with a local anaesthetic and cuts out the tumour along with a safety margin of healthy skin. The wound is then stitched closed. Tissue is sent to a lab to ensure all cancer cells are removed.
Mohs Micrographic Surgery: This is often the gold standard for high-risk SCCs or those located on cosmetically sensitive areas like the nose, eyelids, or lips. The surgeon removes the tissue layer by layer, examining each under a microscope immediately until no cancer cells remain. As detailed by Healthline, this technique offers the highest cure rate while sparing healthy tissue.
Curettage and Electrodessication: For smaller, superficial cancers, a surgeon may scrape away the tumour with a curette and use heat (electrodessication) to destroy remaining cancer cells and stop bleeding.
Non-Surgical Therapies
For patients who cannot undergo surgery or for superficial tumours, other options exist.
Cryotherapy: Liquid nitrogen is applied to the lesion to freeze and destroy the cancer cells. This is typically reserved for very early-stage SCC or actinic keratoses.
Radiotherapy: High-energy X-rays kill cancer cells. Macmillan Cancer Support explains that radiotherapy is often used when surgery isn’t possible or to treat lymph nodes if the cancer has spread.
Topical Treatments: Creams containing chemotherapy agents (like 5-fluorouracil) or immune-boosting drugs (like imiquimod) may be used for superficial SCC (Bowen’s disease).
Advanced Treatments
If SCC spreads to other organs, systemic treatments may be required. Immunotherapy drugs help the body’s immune system recognise and attack cancer cells. Guidelines from NICE provide detailed protocols on when these advanced therapies should be deployed within the NHS.
Comparison of Common SCC Treatments
The table below outlines the key differences between the primary treatment modalities to help you discuss options with your specialist.
| Treatment Method | Best Suited For | Typical Recovery | Potential Scarring |
|---|---|---|---|
| Surgical Excision | Standard SCCs on the trunk or limbs. | 1–2 weeks for stitches to be removed. | Linear scar, usually fades over time. |
| Mohs Surgery | Facial lesions, recurrent tumours, or large SCCs. | Varies; precise reconstruction often required. | Minimal scarring due to tissue preservation. |
| Cryotherapy | Small, superficial lesions or precancerous spots. | Blistering and scabbing for 1–2 weeks. | Usually leaves a small white spot. |
| Radiotherapy | Patients unable to have surgery; large areas. | Several weeks; skin may be red and sore. | Changes in skin texture/colour over long term. |
| Topical Creams | Superficial SCC (in situ) only. | Skin becomes red/crusty during treatment. | Little to no scarring. |
Prevention and Early Detection
Preventing SCC requires a proactive approach to sun safety. It is never too late to start protecting your skin to prevent further damage.
Smart Sun Habits
Government guidance from GOV.UK frequently emphasises the importance of shade during peak UV hours (11 am to 3 pm). Wear protective clothing, including wide-brimmed hats and UV-blocking sunglasses.
Sunscreen Application
Apply a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30 (preferably 50) to all exposed skin. Reapply every two hours, or immediately after swimming or sweating. Don’t forget easily missed areas like the tops of ears and the neck.
Regular Skin Checks
Perform a self-exam once a month. Use mirrors to check your back and other hard-to-see areas. If you notice any changes, book an appointment with your GP immediately. Cancer Research UK provides excellent visual guides to help you understand what constitutes a suspicious mole or patch.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is squamous cell carcinoma curable? Yes, the vast majority of SCC cases are successfully cured. The cure rate is particularly high for lesions that are detected early and treated with standard surgical methods.
Can SCC spread to other parts of the body? While less likely than melanoma, SCC can metastasise if left untreated for a long time. It typically spreads to local lymph nodes first. A study published in the British Medical Journal (BMJ) indicates that high-risk tumours require careful monitoring to prevent regional recurrence.
Is SCC genetic? Most cases are caused by environmental factors (UV exposure), but genetics play a role in skin type. Fair-skinned individuals are genetically more susceptible to UV damage. Rare genetic conditions can also increase risk.
How quickly does SCC grow? SCC tends to grow faster than basal cell carcinoma but slower than melanoma. A lesion might evolve noticeably over a period of weeks or months. BBC News often reports on the importance of checking any rapidly changing skin anomalies.
The Bottom Line
Squamous cell carcinoma is a serious but highly treatable condition. The key to a positive outcome lies in early detection and prompt intervention. If you notice a sore that won’t heal, a scaly patch, or a growing lump, do not hesitate to see a doctor.
Modern squamous cell carcinoma treatment options, ranging from Mohs surgery to advanced topical therapies, offer excellent cure rates with good cosmetic results. By combining professional medical care with rigorous sun protection, you can effectively manage this condition and safeguard your skin’s health for the future. Prioritise your well-being by staying vigilant and protecting your skin from UV radiation every day.
